![]() Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. ACR appropriateness criteria: hemoptysis. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ![]() Prospective study of the incidence, aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract illness in the community. High-dose monthly vitamin D for prevention of acute respiratory infection in older long-term care residents: a randomized clinical trial. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Household air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections in adults: a systematic review. ![]() Pulmonary function tests in acute bronchitis: evidence for reversible airway obstruction. Evaluation of eight cases of confirmed Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and colonization over a 15-year period. Effectiveness of erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis. electronic decision support to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care (eCRT study). Cluster randomised trial in the general practice research database: 1. Gulliford MC, van Staa T, McDermott L, et al. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, the evidence base for the use of TCM in acute uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infections is weak. Guidelines for the management of acute bronchitis using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have been published. Based on the small number of participants in this study, additional evidence is needed to determine how beneficial this supplement is for patients with acute bronchitis. Patients in this study had no adverse side effects. One small randomized controlled study using Spicae aetheroleum, an extract obtained from the flower portion of the Lavandula latifolia plant, showed a 25% reduction in symptom scores in patients with acute bronchitis along with improvements in quality of life scores. More trials are needed to assess the overall effectiveness and safety of these products. Similar results were obtained in another randomized controlled trial of a preparation containing cineole, in which patients had a reduction in several cough-related symptoms, including night cough, coughing fits, and overall impairment. One randomized placebo-controlled trial found that it improved bronchitis symptoms scores, owing to a decrease in cough. Cineole (eucalyptol), the main component of eucalyptus oil, has been observed to increase mucociliary beat rates and has bronchodilating effects. A systematic review found that while ivy leaf preparations are safe to use in cough due to bronchitis, efficacy is minimal at best. Based on a small number of studies conducted in Eastern Europe, Pelargonium sidoides (also known as EPs 7630) has been shown to reduce acute bronchitis symptom duration and intensity. Several natural products have been studied for the treatment of acute bronchitis. Rarely, Bordetella bronchiseptica may be observed, but to date has only been reported in immunocompromised individuals. The uncertainty about the role of these organisms is supported by a study that identified Mycoplasma in a subset of patients presenting with acute bronchitis but found that treatment of these patients with a macrolide resulted in no quicker recovery than patients without Mycoplasma who were treated with the same antibiotic. However, these pathogens have been identified in only a minority of patients with acute bronchitis, and it is unclear if these agents are involved in causing the symptoms. In some younger populations of military recruits and college students, other pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been isolated from patients with acute bronchitis. The most common viruses implicated in acute bronchitis are the same as those that cause upper respiratory infections and include coronavirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. Most cases of acute bronchitis are viral infections.
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